Vidya MuthukrishnanWhat is Conductance? Conductance (also known as electrical conductance) is defined as the potential for a substance to conduct electricity. Conductance is the measure of how easily electrical current (i.e. flow of charge) can pass through a material. Conductance is the inverse (or reciprocal) of electrical resistance, represented as 1/R. To have a better understanding … Read more
What is an Active Filter? An active filter is a type of filter that includes one or more active circuit components such as a transistor or an operational amplifier (Op-Amp). They derive their energy from an external source of energy and use it to increase or amplify the signal output. Operational amplifiers can also be … Read more
What is a PLC? PLC stands for “Programmable Logic Controller”. A PLC is a computer specially designed to operate reliably under harsh industrial environments – such as extreme temperatures, wet, dry, and/or dusty conditions. It is used to automate industrial processes such as a manufacturing plant’s assembly line, an ore processing plant, or a wastewater … Read more
What is SCADA SCADA stands for “Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition”. SCADA is a type of process control system architecture that uses computers, networked data communications and graphical Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) to enable a high-level process supervisory management and control. SCADA systems communicate with other devices such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and PID … Read more
Two types of defibrillators are showing below. AC defibrillators DC defibrillators AC Defibrillators An AC defibrillator is the oldest and simplest type. The construction of AC defibrillator is such that appropriate values are available for internal and external defibrillation. In AC defibrillation, a shock of 50 Hz a.c frequency is applied to the chest for … Read more
Why is Bio Amplifier Required? Generally, biological/bioelectric signals have low amplitude and low frequency. Therefore, to increase the amplitude level of biosignals amplifiers are designed. The outputs from these amplifiers are used for further analysis and they appear as ECG, EMG, or any bioelectric waveforms. Such amplifiers are defined as Bio Amplifiers or Biomedical Amplifiers. … Read more
When recording biopotentials noise and drift are the two problems encountered. Noise is due to the recording device and by the patient when they move. Drift is a shift in baseline created due to various thermal effects. A DC amplifier has a shift or sudden peak in the output when the input is zero. Therefore, … Read more
What is a Surface Electrode? Surface electrode measures the potential available from the surface of the skin. It senses the signal from heart, brain and nerves. Larger surface electrodes sense the ECG signals. Smaller surface electrodes sense the EMG and EEG signals. The types of surface electrodes are as follows. Metal Plate Electrodes ECG measurement … Read more
In a cell membrane, the outside fluid is extra-cellular fluid and inside fluid is intra-cellular fluid. The extra-cellular fluid has a large concentration of sodium ions and chloride ions but less concentration of potassium ions. The intra-cellular fluid has a high concentration of potassium ions than the sodium ions. In our body, neuron sends electrochemical … Read more
Electrode Potential The human body generates electrical signals on the body surface. Recording electrodes picks the bioelectric events produced in the body. The picked up signals are given to the amplifier and then to display. Electrodes transfer ionic conduction in the tissue to electronic conduction to measure the values. Generally, there are two types of … Read more
