01․ Find the surge impedance of a line when inductance is 160 mH and capacitance is 1µF?
Characteristic impedance Zc = V(x)/I(x) = √(Z/Y) = √(R + jωL)/(G + jωC)
For loss less line. R = G = 0
Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)
Zs = √((160 * 10^-3)/(1*10^-6))
Zs = 400 Ω
02․ A transmission line has a surge impedance of 400 Ω is connected with the cable having surge impedance of 40 Ω, a surge magnitude of 100 kV is travelling from the transmission line towards the cable. Find the transmitted voltage?
Transmitted voltage V" = V + V'
Transmitted current I" = I + I'
Where,
V' = Reflected voltage
V = Incident voltage
I' = Reflected current
I = Incident current
Transmission or reflection coefficient of voltage Tv = V"/V
Transmission or reflection coefficient of current Ti = I"/I
Tv = V"/V = 2Zl/(Zl+Zs)
Where,
Zl = Surge impedance of load
Zs = Surge impedance of line
Therefore, V" = 100*10³*2*40/440 = 18.18 kV
03․ A transmission line has a surge impedance of 400 Ω is connected with the cable having surge impedance of 40 Ω, a surge magnitude of 100 kV is travelling from the transmission line towards the cable. Find the incident current?
The voltage or current signals transmitting or travelling from source to load the load through the line are called incident waves.
Incident current I = V/Zs
I = 100*10³/400
I = 250 A
04․ Counter poise is used for
Counter poise is connected to the ground wire and it is having parallel paths to discharge faster rate.
For proper discharging of lightning surges from the top of the tower to the ground, earth wire is used which has low resistance and this earth wire is terminated with parallel paths of copper conductors which has impedance equal to surge impedance . This is called counter poise. It is used in sub stations which are connected between one tower to the other tower.
05․ Surge impedance loading (SIL) is represented by
Surge impedance loading SIL = 3*Vph*Iph
Where,
Vph = Phase voltage
Iph = Phase current
Vl = Line voltage
SIL = 3*(Vl/√3)²/Zs
SIL = Vl²/Zs
Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)
Therefore, SIL = Vl²*√(C/L)
06․ Surge impedance loading can be increased by
Surge impedance loading SIL = 3*Vph*Iph
Where,
Vph = Phase voltage
Iph = Phase current
Vl = Line voltage
SIL = 3*(Vl/√3)²/Zs
SIL = Vl²/Zs
Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)
Therefore, SIL = Vl²*√(C/L)
Surge impedance loading can be increased by,
1. Increasing of voltage level
2. Increasing of capacitance value
3. Decreasing of inductance value
07․ A transmission line is compensated with shunt capacitance Csh. If the uncompensated transmission line surge impedance is Zs, then find the new surge impedance Zn after shunt compensation?
Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)
After shunt compensation new surge impedance Zn = √(L/C(1 + Kcsh))
Where Kcsh = Degree of shunt capacitance = Csh/C
Therefore, new surge impedance Zn = Zs/√(1 + Kcsh)
08․ A transmission line is compensated with shunt capacitance Csh. After shunt compensation surge impedance loading will
Surge impedance Zs = √(L/C)
Surge impedance loading SIL = Vl² *√(C/L)
After shunt compensation new surge impedance Zn = √(L/C(1 + Kcsh))
Where Kcsh = Degree of shunt capacitance = Csh/C
Therefore, new surge impedance Zn = Zs/√(1 + Kcsh)
New surge impedance loading SILn = SIL*√(1 + Kcsh)
Therefore after compensation surge impedance loading will increase and surge impedance will decrease.
09․ Which of the following represents the transmission or reflection coefficient of voltage Tv?
(Zl = Surge impedance of load, Zs = Surge impedance of line)
Transmitted voltage V" = V + V'
Transmitted current I" = I + I'
Where,
V' = Reflected voltage
V = Incident voltage
I' = Reflected current
I = Incident current
I" = V"/Zl, I = V/Zs, I' = -V'/Zs
V"/Zl = V/Zs - V'/Zs
V' = V" - V
Therefore, Tv = V"/V = 2Zl/(Zl + Zs)
10․ Reflection coefficient of voltage is Rv
Transmitted voltage V" = V + V'
Transmitted current I" = I + I'
Where,
V' = Reflected voltage
V = Incident voltage
I' = Reflected current
I = Incident current
Transmission or reflection coefficient of voltage Tv = V"/V
Transmission or reflection coefficient of current Ti = I"/I
I" = V"/Zl, I = V/Zs, I' = -V'/Zs
V"/Zl = V/Zs - V'/Zs
V' = V" - V
Therefore, Tv = V"/V = 2Zl/(Zl + Zs)
Tv = V"/V = 2Zl/(Zl+Zs)
Reflection coefficient of voltage is Rv = Tv - 1
Rv = (Zl - Zs)/(Zs + Zl)
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